Ballard, S. R. 1994. Threatened and endangered Illinois herpetofauna. The Illinois Steward 3 (3):23-27.
Ballard, S. R. 1996. Don't let these snakes rattle you. Illinois Audubon (256):4-7.
Ballard, S. R. 1998. Illinois' water snakes. Illinois Audubon (265):10-15.
Ballard, S. R. 1998. Snakes of Illinois. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield, Illinois. Pamphlet.
Conant, R. and J. T. Collins. 1998. Reptiles and amphibians of eastern/central North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 616 pp.
Goin, C. J., O. B. Goin, and G. R. Zug. 1978. Introduction to herpetology. W. H. Freeman Co., New York. 378 pp.
Greene, H. W. 1997. Snakes: the evolution of mystery in nature. University of California Press, Berkeley. 351 pp.
Johnson, T. R. 1987. The amphibians and reptiles of Missouri. Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri. 368 pp.
Mattison, C. 1995. The encyclopedia of snakes. Facts on File Inc., New York. 256 pp.
Minton, S. A. and M. R. Minton. 1980. Venomous reptiles. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. 308 pp.
Phillips, C. and H. Korab. 1998. Eastern massasauga: a rare rattlesnake in Illinois. The Illinois Steward 7 (3):2-6.
Phillips, C. A., R. A. Brandon, and E. O. Moll. 1999. Field guide to amphibians and reptiles of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois. Manual 8:1-300.
Porter, K. R. 1972. Herpetology. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. 524 pp.
Smith, P. W. 1961. The amphibians and reptiles of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois. Bulletin 28:1-298.